# Ubicloud Runner Benchmarks

CoreMark, one execution thread, 2000-byte dataset. Higher iterations/s is better.

Linux/Windows require hard affinity to one logical CPU. macOS is explicitly **unpinned**: its one thread may migrate between CPUs. These are runner + compiler measurements; VM host scheduling, other workloads, turbo, and image updates can affect them.

## Benchmark parameters

Compare providers using the same parameter fingerprint. Runner selection and provider identity are excluded; measurement protocol is included.

| Profile | Protocol | CPU/disk samples | CPU seconds | Disk MiB | Cache MiB | Internet | Transfer MiB |
| --- | --- | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | --- | ---: |
| `e021cd7ddc71` | 6 | 5 | 30 | 1024 | 512 | Enabled | 1024 |

## Pinned results

| Runner | Binary | Median iterations/s | Min–max | Variation | CPU / group | Samples |
| --- | --- | ---: | ---: | ---: | --- | ---: |
| ubicloud-linux-x64 | x64 (64-bit) | 33392.77 | 29068.42–37639.26 | 9.29% | 0 / 0 | 5 |
| ubicloud-linux-arm64 | arm64 (64-bit) | 21630.02 | 21545.06–21636.67 | 0.19% | 0 / 0 | 5 |

Variation is the population coefficient of variation across accepted samples.

## Disk I/O

One worker, queue depth one, 1 MiB sequential I/O, 4 KiB random I/O. OS file-cache bypass is required; write timings include the final flush. Protocol 2 and later repeat each operation for at least 5 seconds against the same file; total transferred bytes can exceed the file size. Medians across fully verified samples. Every requested sample is attempted, including after a 60-second sample timeout. Incomplete results remain visible and are excluded from complete-sample comparisons.

| Runner | Affinity | File MiB | Completed / attempted / requested | Status | Read MiB/s | Write MiB/s | Random read IOPS | Random write IOPS |
| --- | --- | ---: | --- | --- | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: |
| ubicloud-linux-arm64 | Pinned | 1024 | 5 / 5 / 5 | ok | 492.55 | 130.16 | 4346.70 | 9927.29 |
| ubicloud-linux-x64 | Pinned | 1024 | 5 / 5 / 5 | ok | 1563.93 | 710.33 | 9757.28 | 21341.74 |

## Cache backends

Protocol 2 and later measure three unique-key save/restore pairs per backend. Each trial restores in a separate runner job after the save job completes; reused save OS instances are rejected. Backend order reverses on trial two. Archive services use zstd `--single-thread`; attached-volume transfers use one thread without compression. Linux/Windows action processes inherit one-CPU affinity; macOS is unpinned. Identical random payload bytes across trials and backends on each runner; an empty local target before restore, exact cache hit, SHA-256 and backend routing checked. Each time includes the action and adjacent step transitions; MiB/s uses logical payload bytes, including compression/extraction for archive services.

Profile `e021cd7ddc71` waits 120 seconds after the save job finishes, before allocating its first restore runner. All providers use this publication gap; it is excluded from transfer speeds. It gives cache publication time to settle but does not guarantee cache availability. Misses remain failures; there are no retries or payload fallbacks.


### archive-service

| Runner | Cache backend | Payload MiB | Verified pairs | Save s (median; range) | Save MiB/s | Save variation | Restore s (median; range) | Restore MiB/s | Restore variation |
| --- | --- | ---: | --- | --- | ---: | --- | --- | ---: | --- |
| ubicloud-linux-arm64 | GitHub Actions cache | 512.0 | 3/3 | 7.76; 7.12–22.53 | 65.97 | 57.08% | 22.10; 18.53–66.84 | 23.17 | 61.36% |
| ubicloud-linux-arm64 | Ubicloud transparent cache | 512.0 | 3/3 | 9.65; 9.56–9.97 | 53.05 | 1.78% | 10.54; 8.66–11.70 | 48.58 | 12.18% |
| ubicloud-linux-x64 | GitHub Actions cache | 512.0 | 3/3 | 7.38; 7.15–29.89 | 69.37 | 72.04% | 38.77; 20.48–58.30 | 13.21 | 39.42% |
| ubicloud-linux-x64 | Ubicloud transparent cache | 512.0 | 3/3 | 10.00; 8.42–11.13 | 51.18 | 11.27% | 11.14; 10.13–11.99 | 45.94 | 6.84% |

## Internet

One HTTP/1.1 stream at a time, three downloads and three uploads. Each sample transfers the configured payload through sequential requests of at most 32 MiB on one persistent connection. Mbps uses decimal megabits. Zero-byte HTTPS request time includes connection/TLS/DNS overhead and is not ICMP RTT. Compare only results using the same endpoint and payload size. Unavailable tests have no speed score.

- **LibreSpeed (Sharktech, Amsterdam)**: https://amsspeed.sharktech.net/backend/

| Runner | Service | Status | Transfer MiB | Download Mbps | Upload Mbps | HTTPS request ms |
| --- | --- | --- | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: |
| ubicloud-linux-arm64 | LibreSpeed (Sharktech, Amsterdam) | unavailable | 1024 | — | — | — |
| ubicloud-linux-x64 | LibreSpeed (Sharktech, Amsterdam) | unavailable | 1024 | — | — | — |

## Optional stages and notices

- **ubicloud-linux-arm64 / internet**: HTTPS download sample 1: HTTPS test failed: curl: (22) The requested URL returned error: 403
- **ubicloud-linux-arm64 / ubicloud / trial 1 / cleanup**: The provider-managed cache entry is left to provider retention. Automatic native deletion requires a separately authenticated provider cleanup adapter; no deletion of unrelated entries was requested.
- **ubicloud-linux-arm64 / ubicloud / trial 2 / cleanup**: The provider-managed cache entry is left to provider retention. Automatic native deletion requires a separately authenticated provider cleanup adapter; no deletion of unrelated entries was requested.
- **ubicloud-linux-arm64 / ubicloud / trial 3 / cleanup**: The provider-managed cache entry is left to provider retention. Automatic native deletion requires a separately authenticated provider cleanup adapter; no deletion of unrelated entries was requested.
- **ubicloud-linux-x64 / internet**: HTTPS download sample 1: HTTPS test failed: curl: (22) The requested URL returned error: 403
- **ubicloud-linux-x64 / ubicloud / trial 1 / cleanup**: The provider-managed cache entry is left to provider retention. Automatic native deletion requires a separately authenticated provider cleanup adapter; no deletion of unrelated entries was requested.
- **ubicloud-linux-x64 / ubicloud / trial 2 / cleanup**: The provider-managed cache entry is left to provider retention. Automatic native deletion requires a separately authenticated provider cleanup adapter; no deletion of unrelated entries was requested.
- **ubicloud-linux-x64 / ubicloud / trial 3 / cleanup**: The provider-managed cache entry is left to provider retention. Automatic native deletion requires a separately authenticated provider cleanup adapter; no deletion of unrelated entries was requested.

## Machine and build details

| Runner | CPU model | OS image | Compiler | Flags |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| ubicloud-linux-arm64 | aarch64 | 20260901.1.0 | GNU 13.3.0 | -O2 -DNDEBUG; C99; MULTITHREAD=1; TOTAL_DATA_SIZE=2000; ITERATIONS=0 |
| ubicloud-linux-x64 | AMD Ryzen 9 7950X3D 16-Core Processor | 20260901.1.0 | GNU 13.3.0 | -O2 -DNDEBUG; C99; MULTITHREAD=1; TOTAL_DATA_SIZE=2000; ITERATIONS=0 |