What a gigabit link really delivers
The 1000 Mbps on the port is the line rate, and it counts more than your file. A full size packet carries 1500 bytes of payload but takes 1538 bytes on the wire once the preamble, Ethernet header, checksum and the gap between frames are added. Inside that payload, the IP and TCP headers take 52 bytes with the usual timestamp option, which leaves 1448 bytes of data.
That works out to 941 Mbps of data, or 117.7 MB/s. Real copies land a little under that, since file sharing protocols, small files and the drives at each end add their own limits.
At the full 1 Gbps line rate, 100 GB takes 13m 20s and 1 TB takes 2h 13m 20s. Add the few percent of overhead above and a real copy runs a little longer.
Cables, distance and standards
Copper gigabit is 1000BASE-T, standardized as IEEE 802.3ab in 1999. It needs Category 5 cable or better, runs up to 328 feet (100 meters) per segment and uses all four wire pairs at once, in both directions. Fiber versions come from IEEE 802.3z (1998). 1000BASE-LX reaches up to 3.1 miles (5 km) on single mode fiber.
Ports agree on their speed through autonegotiation, which 1000BASE-T requires. Cat5e and Cat6 both carry gigabit, so there's no reason to pay for better cable just for this speed. The Cat5e vs Cat6 guide covers where the extra grade starts to matter.
When gigabit becomes the limit
Gigabit rarely limits a laptop pulling email, but it limits a NAS full of SSDs. The Throughput Visualizer models a SATA SSD at 550 MB/s and a PCIe 4.0 NVMe drive at 7,000 MB/s, and the gigabit line rate is 125 MB/s. The network is the narrow part of that path.
The next step is 2.5GbE. IEEE 802.3bz (2016) runs 2.5GBASE-T over Cat5e up to 328 feet (100 meters), so existing cable often works. At the line rate, 1 TB takes 53m 20s on 2.5GbE against 2h 13m 20s on gigabit.
On a LAN you won't hit the TCP window trap that hurts long distance transfers. At a round trip of 0.2 ms the bandwidth-delay product of a gigabit link is only 25 KB, so a normal receive window already covers it.